- Meeting 01 : Mon, Aug 01, 11:00 am-11:50 am
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Acad : Why this course? Choice between LCCS and LARP courses. The story and the thread the course will follow. Reference textbooks.
Admin : Evaluation plans, TA and Instructor contact hours, course homepage, moodle, mailing list.
References | : | Chapter 1 in Rosen's Textbook.
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- Meeting 02 : Tue, Aug 02, 10:00 am-10:50 am
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Propositional Logic. Truth tables, Logical Equivalences.
References | : | Chapter 1 in Rosen's Textbook.
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- Meeting 03 : Wed, Aug 03, 09:00 am-09:50 am
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Equivalences, Argument forms, Rules of inferences. Resolution principle.
References | : | Chapter 1 in Rosen's Textbook.
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- Meeting 04 : Thu, Aug 04, 12:00 pm-12:50 pm
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More examples of resolution-refutation.
References | : | Chapter 1 in Rosen's Textbook.
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- Meeting 05 : Mon, Aug 08, 11:00 am-11:50 am
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Axiomatizations for propositional logic. Notion of soundness and completeness. Expressibility.
- Meeting 06 : Tue, Aug 09, 10:00 am-10:50 am
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Remarks about expressibility. Monadic predicate logic (Syllogisitc). Propositional Functions, Predicates. Syntax for predicate logic.Predicate Logic - Syntax.
- Meeting 07 : Wed, Aug 10, 09:00 am-09:50 am
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Semantics and Examples. Need for a formal notion of semantics.
- Meeting 08 : Thu, Aug 11, 12:00 pm-12:50 pm
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Formal description of semantics. Models and variable assignments. Tarski's theory of Truth in first order logic.
- Meeting 09 : Tue, Aug 16, 10:00 am-10:50 am
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Validity, Satisfiability, Semantic implication. Examples. Undecidability of validity. Decidability in MFO (Syllogistic) - inly statements.
Axiomatizations of First order Logic.
- Meeting 10 : Wed, Aug 17, 09:00 am-09:50 am
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Axiomatization for First Order Logic. Theorems and Proofs in the axiomatization. Comments about true vs provable. Soundness and Completeness, Godel's completeness theorem for FO (statement).
- Meeting 11 : Thu, Aug 18, 12:00 pm-12:50 pm
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Statements about numbers. Natural numbers as a model for an axiomatization. Peano's Axioms. Provable vs Truth. Godel's incompleteness theorem. Mathematical Proofs. Proof techniques: Direct proof. The structure of a proof.
References | : | Pean's Axioms (We appended the axioms with equality axioms too).
Section 1.5-1.8 of Rosen's Book.
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- Meeting 12 : Mon, Aug 22, 11:00 am-11:50 am
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Indirect proof or Proving the contrapositive. Example(s). Proof by contradiction. Examples. Proof by cases. Examples.
References | : | Section 1.5-1.8 of Rosen's Book.
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- Meeting 13 : Tue, Aug 23, 10:00 am-10:50 am
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A conjecture and confirming the conjecture by a proof. Existence proofs. Non-constructive proofs. Three examples.
References | : | Section 1.6 and 1.8 of Rosen's Book.
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- Meeting 14 : Wed, Aug 24, 09:00 am-09:50 am
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Principle of mathematical induction. Three examples.
References | : | Rosen's Book.
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- Meeting 15 : Thu, Aug 25, 12:00 pm-12:50 pm
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Strong Induction. Structural Induction. Examples. Well-ordering vs Mathematical Induction.
References | : | Rosen's Book.
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- Meeting 16 : Tue, Aug 30, 10:00 am-10:50 am
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More example proofs. Infiniteness of prime numbers.
How do we define infiniteness? Finiteness? Notion of cardinality of sets. "Equal cardinality" as a relation. Schroeder-Bernstein theorem. Finite and infinite sets. Examples.
References | : | Refer to class notes.
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- Meeting 17 : Wed, Aug 31, 09:00 am-09:50 am
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Cardinality. Finite and Infinte subsets.
Any infinite subset of N has the same cardinality as N. Countable and countably infinite sets.
- Meeting 18 : Thu, Sep 01, 12:00 pm-12:50 pm
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Uncountability. Cantor's diagonalization. More examples of uncountable sets. Countability of NxN. Union, Cartesian product of countable sets.
- Meeting 19 : Tue, Sep 06, 10:00 am-10:50 am
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Diagonalization in set form - there cannot be an surjection from a set to its power set. Infinitely many types of infinities.
- Meeting 20 : Wed, Sep 07, 09:00 am-09:50 am
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An unexpected use of the technique. Are there computational tasks which are not effectively programmable? Computational Tasks vs Languages. Programs vs Strings. A non-constructive proof.
- Meeting 21 : Tue, Sep 13, 10:00 am-10:50 am
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A constructive proof that there are problems for which no effective programs exist using diagonalization. In particular, the problem of given a program P and an input x, the task of testing if it halts on x, undecidable.
- Meeting 22 : Thu, Sep 15, 12:00 pm-12:50 pm
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Is it because we do not know the x in advance? The variant of the problem where only the program is the input to us and x in which we are interested in checking P is halting or not is fixed apriori to be the string "LCCS". A proof that even this is not effectively programmable.
- Meeting 23 : Fri, Sep 16, 11:00 am-11:50 am
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Back to logic : Applying the proof techniques that we learned. Soundness Theorem for Propositional Logic. Proof by induction.
- Meeting 24 : Mon, Sep 19, 11:00 am-11:50 am
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Proof of Completeness Theorem. Eliminating the premises. Completeness theorem with empty premises. Reintroducing the premises. Completing the first and the last step.
- Meeting 25 : Tue, Sep 20, 10:00 am-10:50 am
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Proofs for the formula from the lines of the truth table. Combining proofs. Deduction theorem (statement).
- Meeting 26 : Wed, Sep 21, 09:00 am-09:50 am
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Deduction Theorem. Completing the proof of completeness theorem
- Meeting 27 : Thu, Sep 22, 12:00 pm-12:50 pm
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Soundness and Completeness Theorems for First Order Logic. Godel's Incompleteness Theorem.
- Meeting 28 : Mon, Sep 26, 11:00 am-11:50 am
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Expressibility of First Order Logic. Theory for graphs. 2-colorability cannot be expressed by a formula. 2-colorabilty cannot be axiomatized finitely but can be expressed by an infinite number of formulas.
- Meeting 29 : Mon, Sep 26, 04:15 pm-05:15 pm
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Connectedness of Graphs is not even infinitely axiomatizable.
- Meeting 30 : Tue, Sep 27, 10:00 am-10:50 am
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Birds eye-view : Second Order Logic, Existential Second Order, Universal Second Order, Monadic Second order Logics.
Modes of Truth. Modal Logic: syntax and semantics. Truth in a world. Example formulas.
- Meeting 31 : Wed, Sep 28, 09:00 am-09:50 am
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Modelling mutual exclusion. Safety and Liveness. Truth in an execution path - a sequence of worlds evolving over time. Need of Linear-time Temporal Logic (LTL).
- Meeting 32 : Thu, Sep 29, 12:00 pm-12:50 pm
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Syntax and Semantics. An overview of how it is used in the design and correction of systems. Modelling systems using LTL. Mutual exclusion: an example.